本帖最后由 mathewwu 于 2014-9-21 14:53 编辑
B. GUN FIRING is classified as to TYPE by the rate at which guns are shot.
B．火炮按发射速度来区分有以下几种模式。
1. RAPID FIRE is that type of fire in which no check fire is used for purposes of applying corrections.
1．快射不考虑弹着修正与其它等待因素的射击模式。
2. SLOW FIRE is that type of fire in which the fire is deliberately delayed to allow for the application of corrections or to conserve ammunition.
2．慢射加入考虑等待弹着修正结果或弹药消耗等因素的射击模式。
3. DELIBERATE Fire is that type of slow fire which is executed on a prearranged time schedule.
3．计划射或精密射，属于慢射的一种，按照有预定计划时程进行精密方式的发射模式。
C. GUN FIRING is classified as to METHOD by the manner in which individual guns are shot with respect to the other guns of the battery.
C．火炮按发射群组关系来区分有以下几种方法。
1. SALVO FIRE is the simultaneous firing of all guns ready and aimed at the same target.
1．齐射同口径火炮炮塔备便并同时瞄准射击同一目标。
2. FULL SALVO FIRE IS the simultaneous firing of all guns of a group.
2．全齐射所有同口径炮塔所有火炮同时射击同一目标。
3. SPLIT SALVO FIRE is the firing of less than the full number of guns in a multiple gun mount or mounts at a given instant.
3．分齐射所有同口径炮塔不足全数的火炮同时射击同一目标。
4. PARTIAL SALVO FIRE is the firing of less than the full number of mounts or turrets (in multiple gun-mount batteries) at a given instant.
4．部分齐射不足全数的同口径炮塔所有火炮或不足全数的火炮同时射击同一目标。
5. CONTINUOUS FIRE is the firing of each gun without regard for the readiness of other guns of the battery.
5．连续放同一炮塔内各炮各自发射而不必协同其它火炮。
E12. SPOTTING is the estimation of the required correction of range, elevation, deflection, and fuze range to hit the target. The SPOTTER is the person actually observing the fall of shot or burst and making the estimates of required corrections. A SPOT is the correction estimated by the spotter.
A. Spotting is classified as to MEANS by the station from which the observation is made:
1. SHIP SPOT indicates that the spotter is stationed in the firing ship at a designated spotting station.
2. LOCAL SPOT indicates that the spotter is stationed in the firing ship at or adjacent to a mount or turret.
3. SHORE SPOT indicates that the spotter is stationed ashore.
4. Air SPOT indicates that the spotter is stationed in an aircraft or airship.
B. Spotting is classified as to TYPE by the manner in which observations are made:
1. Visual:
a. Eye Spotting is the term used to indicate observations made by eye without the use of optical instruments.
b. OPTICAL Spotting is the term used to indicate that observation is assisted by optical aids, including ordinary binoculars, spotting binoculars fitted with mil scales, spotting glasses, or stereoscopic range finders.
本帖最后由 mathewwu 于 2011-1-22 17:02 编辑
2. RADAR:
a. RADAR SPOTTING is the term used to indicate that the observation is made by radar.
C. SPOTTING is classified as to METHOD by the manner of estimating the error of burst or impact.
1. DIRECT SPOTTING is that method in which the spotter’s correction is based on his estimate of the error of the mean point of impact from the target. A direct spot may be made on the fall of shot of one salvo or as the result of an observation of an initial ladder.
1. 直接修正法 是观测者可以直接估算平均弹着点与目标之间误差量级的修正方法。直接修正法适用于一般齐射或阶梯射的观测。
2. BRACKET AND HALVING is a method used in visual spotting at extremely long ranges, from low spotting stations, or with poor illumination, when the spotter can determine whether the shots are short or over, but the amount of error cannot be estimated with reasonable accuracy. On observing the initial fall of shot, a spot is made which is believed to be sufficiently large to ensure crossing the target. if the next salvo crosses the target, the following spot is applied in the opposite direction (towards the target) but is half the amount of the initial spot. Successive spots are in the same direction until the target is crossed again. When this occurs, the direction of the spots is again reversed and again halved. The process is continued until the target is located within the pattern.
2. 夹叉与折半法 是一种适用于观测阵位低下或能见度不良；不能估算误差量级但可以判别远近弹的情况下，应付极长距离的目视弹着修正方法。在观测第一群弹着后要有意大幅修正到能越过目标，如果下一群确实越过目标，那么再下一群就要往回头修正，且修正值要取第一群修正值的一半。接下来的修正若是没能再越过目标，就要再加大值到越过目标。一旦再越过目标，就再以折半的修正值往回头修正。这个过程要持续进行到目标位于齐射弹着样态中为止。
E13. LADDERS are a succession of salvos fired with known and predetermined changes between successive salvos, to ensure early establishment of hitting gun range and deflection in surface fire, to serve as a yardstick for covering an area target, or to increase pattern size.
E13. 阶梯射击
A. LADDERS are classified as to TYPE by the element in which laddering takes place.
1. DEFLECTION LADDERS are ladders fired with predetermined changes in deflection on successive salvos. They are seldom used in our Navy, except for covering area targets or in radar spotting when the discrimination of fire control radar makes a deflection rocking ladder advisable.
2. RANGE LADDERS are ladders fired with predetermined changes in range on successive salvos.
3. ELEVATION LADDERS are ladders fired with predetermined changes in elevation between successive salvos. They are seldom used in our Navy.
B. LADDERS are classified as to METHOD by the manner in which the predetermined arbitrary corrections are introduced.
1. INITIAL LADDERS are ladders in which, in addition to known increments or steps, the number of salvos is definitely known. This number is greater than two, and the steps are sufficiently large, so that the target will be located within the limits of the ladder.
2. ADD LADDERS are fired with the initial gun range less than the best range and with successive steps of the ladder fired with increasing ranges, each increasing range spot not less than the pattern size.
3. DROP LADDERS are fired with the initial gun range greater than the best range and with successive steps of the ladder fired with decreasing ranges, each decreasing range spot not less than the pattern size.
4. CONTINUOUS LADDERS are fired with a continuous application of spots, applied in such a manner as to move the salvos back and forth across the target.
a. SPOTTER-CONTROLLED LADDER is a form of continuous ladder in which the spotter or observer determines all or part of initial direction, when to change direction, size of first ladder steps, and when the ladder is reversed. For simplicity, the size of steps of the first ladder and successive ladders is usually prearranged. The initial correction of the first ladder may be directed by doctrine or other orders.
b. ROCKING LADDER is a form of continuous ladder in which the number of Steps of the ladder before reversal of direction and the size of the steps are both specified beforehand. The object is to increase the pattern size and still maintain sufficient projectile density to ensure hits. The steps of the ladder are never larger than the pattern size, and the number of steps is such as will ensure covering probable ranging and aiming errors and target maneuvers during time of flight. If used with continuous fire the steps are applied at regular predetermined time intervals; if with salvo fire, after each salvo.
E14. BARRAGES are a barrier of fire executed on predetermined firing data. The initial shots are placed across the probable path of the target.
A. BARRAGES are classified as to METHOD by the manner in which position of the bursts is varied.
1. LINE-OF-SIGHT BARRAGE is a barrage using fixed fuze setting and varying sight settings, with each shot so directed that bursts will occur in the instantaneous line of sight to the target.
2. FIXED-ZONE BARRAGE is a barrage fired with fixed sight settings. Once the target has passed through the zone of fire, a second zone may be selected and a new barrage fired.
3. CREEPING-ZONE BARRAGE Is a barrage in which the fuze settings are varied in such a way as to advance along the track at a rate slower than that of the actual target advance.
3. 徐进弹幕
{:17:} 不错 不错 学习了
学习了
真是专业，只是自个英语水平不行，不能帮着翻译，惭愧~
如果电磁炮能上舰，战列舰会不会重现呢？
标题还是改改吧，第一印象就是讲一战无畏舰的，结果一看条约时代之后的东西了。
回复 沼泽 的帖子
使用这个标题是沿用英语界海军史的命名法，即是将1890年代到1940年代所研发出来的；并最先在配备无畏舰（广义的包括一二战的大口径火炮战舰）上逐步实现并完善的远程射击控制方法与手段。
当英语界海军史研究者使用“无畏舰火控“一词时，基本是做了一个科技的断代，不但区分了廿世纪前半叶机电与类比式火控测算与十九世纪几乎全凭人手人脑测算的火控技术，也同时与廿世纪后半叶的微电子与数字火控测算技术作出了一个区隔。
也许有人会问，有“无畏舰火控“一词，那么同一时代有没有“巡洋舰火控“与“驱逐舰火控“一词呢？没有，因为最终完善的“无畏舰火控“已包括主副炮与近接防空炮的全舰火控，而巡洋舰与驱逐舰只要照搬这些火控设备与程序就成了，不必另外设计。
回复 mathewwu 的帖子
逼人比较习惯，无畏舰，超无畏，条约，条约后这样的时间分段。当然知道无畏舰泛指类型。我也并非理解成了单指一型
沼泽 发表于 2011-10-12 15:40 static/image/common/back.gif
标题还是改改吧，第一印象就是讲一战无畏舰的，结果一看条约时代之后的东西了。 ...
"事实上，海军所曾使用过的最简单的机械射程计算仪“娃娃福特“【约在1917-18列装】，就是设计来达成（一）计算距离变动率，（二）计算方位变动率，以及（三）生成当前射程这三项功能的。"
以上这段叙述的就是美军一战末期对应皇家海军德雷尔火控台的射程计算仪（可能还剽窃了坡伦的概念），怎么变成条约时代之后的东西了？
本帖最后由 mathewwu 于 2011-10-15 13:18 编辑
本帖将行分割，另立主题，请网友暂时不要跟帖。
新帖主题：“鲁菲季河战之空中校射有无使用无线电报？ “
穿越者必备技能啊！！
谢谢，太详细了，努力学习！{:28:}
请教老吴，光学测距仪的质量对其精度影响有多大。大和的15米测距仪和衣阿华的13.5米测距仪那个更好？
Musigny 发表于 2015-3-4 11:40
请教老吴，光学测距仪的质量对其精度影响有多大。大和的15米测距仪和衣阿华的13.5米测距仪那个更好？ ...
都能够完成正常火控任务。
那美国和法国的13.5米测距仪之间有没有质量上的高低？
Musigny 发表于 2015-3-5 14:09
那美国和法国的13.5米测距仪之间有没有质量上的高低？
自备基线光学测距仪在1880年代发明，50年后的1930年代，欧美先进国家早就从仿制和购买专利上取得许多经验和自主能力，连舰炮火控系统发展最慢的沙俄和苏联都建立起自己的光学兵器工业。流水量产的不说，对巨型测距仪这种全军不过需要十几二十具的东西，十年磨一剑都磨得出来，各家能差到哪里去？十米基线以上的英美日德法意各国都有，不过就是玻璃镜头和金属部件的加工精度，没有什么高技术门槛，那一点儿质量上的高低不足影响结果，毕竟测距测角只是火控的初步，接下来还有许多参数需要测量计算呢！
哦，了解了。我就是对这个质量因素上面有点疑惑。这下看来的话大和的15米测距仪应该是最好的无疑。
学习了，火控真是随着人类需求不断进步的产物