Russia / USSR
57 mm/81 (2.24") ZIF-71 and ZIF-75
---
People's Republic of China
57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 59
57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 66
57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 76
Updated 19 November 2008
This weapon was developed from the earlier ZIF-31 and the ZIF-74 single 57 mm AA mounting, which was started in 1953 and tested in 1954-55.  In 1955 a requirement for a new single-barrel 57 mm mounting was drawn up and a prototype was constructed in 1956.  This mounting used the ZIF-74 barrels and was designated as ZIF-71.  By 1960 fifty mountings of this type were built of which 42 remained in 1991.

Development of a quad mount using the same ZIF-74 barrels was begun in 1954 and was designated as ZIF-75.  The prototype mounting was produced in 1956 and trials with it lasted until 1960.  The trials revealed that that maximum burst could be no longer than 50 rounds, after which the gun had to be cooled down for 1.5 minutes with a fire hose.  A further problem was the long reload time, some 2.5 to 3 minutes for all four barrels even with four reloaders.  A fully loaded weapon could fire for about 28-30 seconds until the ammunition ran out.  A total of 54 ZIF-75 mounts were built.

These weapons had significant operational problems, most of them connected to the fact that they were in open mounts, which caused problems for ships operating in the Arctic Ocean and meant that they lacked NBC protection.  The guns themselves were clip fed, which lowered down their practical rate of fire.  However, the main problem was that the barrels were air cooled, which led to overheating problems even for short bursts.  The guns could fire only 50 shots per barrel before water from a fire hose had to be run through the barrel to cool it down.  All of this prompted the navy to request the design of the completely new mount in 1956 which eventually became the AK-725

The barrel was of monobloc construction with flash suppresser.  The automatic mechanism was recoil-operated.  Clips hold four rounds.

In addition to the standard air-cooled version, the People's Republic of China has developed a water-cooled version of this gun known as the Type 76 which uses more powerful ammunition.

WNRussian_57mm-81_zif-71_Kanin_pic.jpg

Two 57 mm/81 ZIF-75 Quad Mounts on unidentified Kanin class missile destroyer in 1983
U.S. Navy Photograph No. DN-ST-84-01633

WNRussian_57mm-81_zif-71_Krupny_pic.jpg

Quad 57 mm/81 ZIF-75 mountings on a Krupny-class destroyer
US Navy Photograph

WNRussian_57mm-81_zif-71_Iraqi_pic.jpg

Iraqi 57 mm S-60 in February 1991
These weapons used the same clip-fed ammunition as did the ZIF-74
U.S. Army Photograph No. DM-ST-91-11947

.
Gun Characteristics
.
Designation Russia / USSR
   57 mm/81 (2.24") ZIF-71
   57 mm/81 (2.24") ZIF-75

PRC
  57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 59
  57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 66
  57 mm/70 (2.24") Type 76

Ship Class Used On ZIF-71
   Skoryy-mod (Pr.31) class DDs, Sasha (Pr. 265A) class minesweepers

ZIF-75
   Kildin (Pr.56M) class, Krupny (Pr.57) class and Egypt's Export Skoryy (Pr. 30-BA) class DDs

Date Of Design 1954
Date In Service ZIF-71: 1957
ZIF-75: 1960
Type 59:  1966
Type 66:  1970
Type 76:  1976
Gun Weight 606.2 lbs. (275 kg)
Gun Length oa 182.68 in (4.640 m) with flash suppresser
Bore Length 168.31 in (4.275 m)
Rifling Length N/A
Grooves 16
Lands N/A
Twist N/A
Chamber Volume 92.15 in3 (1,510 cm3)
Rate Of Fire ZIF-71 cyclical:  160-170 rounds per minute
ZIF-71 practical:  50 round burst followed by 90 second cooling
ZIF-75 practical: 100 rounds per minute
.
Ammunition
.
Type Fixed
Weight of Complete Round Russia / USSR
   Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281) - 14.0 lbs. (6.36 kg)
   Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281U) - 14.1 lbs. (6.40 kg)
   HE (UFB-71) - 14 lbs. (6.35 kg)

PRC
   Type 59 - HE-T:  16.3 lbs. (7.4 kg)
   Type 76 - HE-T:  16.8 lbs. (7.6 kg)

Projectile Types and Weights Russia / USSR
   Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281) - 6.17 lbs. (2.8 kg)
   Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281U) - 6.17 lbs. (2.8 kg)
   HE (UFB-71) - 6.17 lbs. (2.8 kg)

PRC
   Type 59 - HE-T:  N/A - probably about 6.17 lbs. (2.8 kg)
   Type 59 - AP-T:  N/A
   Type 76 - HE-T:  N/A

Bursting Charge Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281) - 0.37 lbs. (0.168 kg)
Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281U) - 0.34 lbs. (0.154 kg)

PRC:  N/A

Projectile Length Tracer-FRAG (UOP-281U) - 3.9 calibers without the tracer

Type 59 - HE-T:  21.1 in (53.5 cm)
Type 59 - AP-T:  21.1 in (53.7 cm)
Type 76 - HE-T:  23.3 in (59.1 cm)

Complete Round Length Tracer FRAG (UOP-281) - (53.6 cm)
Tracer FRAG (UOP-281U) - (53.6 cm)
Cartridge Case Type, Size and Empty Weight Lacquered steel or drawn 70:30 brass, 57 x 348 mm SR, N/A
Propellant Charge 2.65 lbs. (1.2 kg)
Cartridge - 4.92 lbs. (2.32 kg)
Muzzle Velocity Russia / USSR:  3,346 fps (1,020 mps)

PRC Type 59:  3,346 fps (1,020 mps)
PRC Type 76:  3,280 fps (1,000 mps)

Working Pressure 44,090 psi (3,100 kg/cm2)
Approximate Barrel Life N/A
Ammunition stowage per gun N/A
Notes:

1) The Army S-60 fires the same ammunition.

2) Army guns are also supplied with APC rounds (BR-281 and BR-281U).  Both of these use a ballistic cap and can pierce roughly 9.6 cm of armor at 0 degrees obliquity at 1,000 meters.

.
Range - Russia / USSR and  and People's Republic of China Type 59
.
Elevation With 6.17 lbs. (2.8 kg) Tracer-FRAG Shell
Max Ballistic Range 9,210 yards (8,420 m)
Self-destruct Range 7,600 yards (6,950 m)
.
Range - People's Republic of China Type 76
.
Elevation With HE-T
Maximum Range 16,400 (15,000 m)
AA Ceiling 32,800 feet (10,000 m)
.
Mount / Turret Data
.
Designation Russia / USSR
   Open Single AA Mount ZIF-71
   Open Quad AA Mount ZIF-75

PRC Open Twin
   Type 59 (air cooled guns)
   Type 66 (air cooled guns)
   Type 76 (water cooled guns)

Weight  ZIF-71:  4.43 tons (4.5 mt)
ZIF-75:  about 16.7 tons (17 mt)

Type 66:  23,140 lbs. (10,500 kg)
Others:  N/A

Elevation ZIF-71:  -10 / +85 degrees
ZIF-75:  -10 / +85 degrees

Type 66:  -5 / +85 degrees
Others:  N/A

Elevation Rate ZIF-71:  40 degrees per second
ZIF-75:  30 degrees per second

Type 66:  25 degrees per second (can move imprecisely at 40 degrees per second)
Others:  N/A

Train ZIF-71:  -240 / +240 degrees
ZIF-75:  -200 / +200 degrees

Type 66:  N/A
Others:  N/A

Train Rate ZIF-71:  50 degrees per second
ZIF-75:  35 degrees per second

Type 66:  25 degrees per second (can move imprecisely at 40 degrees per second)
Others:  N/A

Gun recoil 11.42 - 14.17 in (29 - 36 cm)
.
Data from
"The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems 1991/92" by Norman Friedman
"Jane's Ammunition Handbook:  Ninth Edition 2000-2001" edited by Terry J. Gander and Charles Q. Cutshaw
"Entsiklopedia Otechestvennoi Artillerii" (Encyclopedia of Fatherland [Russian] Artillery) by A.V. Shirokorad
---
Special help by Vladimir Yakobov