Shortly after the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, both the Continental Congress and American military commanders recognized the need to employ the services of an Inspector General within the continental Army. The first 'effective' military Inspector General for the United States was 'Baron' Wilhelm Friedrich von Steuben, who was appointed to the post on April 30, 1778 by General George Washington, and subsequently confirmed by Congress on May 5, 1778.
独立战争爆发后不久，大陆会议和美国军事指挥官都意识到需要在大陆军中雇用监察长。美国第一位“有效的”军事监察长是威廉·弗里德里希·冯·斯图本男爵（'Baron' Wilhelm Friedrich von Steuben），他在1778年4月30日被乔治·华盛顿将军任命该职位，随后于1778年5月5日获得国会确认。
The United States Navy was founded by Congress in the Naval Act of 1794. On April 30, 1798, the Department of the Navy was separated from the War Department. When the Navy left the War Department, "the concept of using an Inspector General to improve [the Department] by securing uniformity of practices was not carried over from the War Department." Commanding officers, both afloat and ashore, were responsible for conducting their own inspections and investigations, as well as ensuring their own unit's material and combat readiness.
美国海军由国会的1794年海军法案成立。1798年4月30日，海军部从战争部独立出来。当海军离开战争部时，“利用监察长通过确保做法的统一性来改进[部门]的概念没有从陆军部延续下来。” 海上和岸上的指挥官负责进行自己的检查和调查，并确保自身单位的物资和战备状态。
On February 2, 1815, Congress enacted a law that created the Board of Naval Commissioners. This act was designed to relieve the Secretary of the Navy of many of the day-to-day functions of the Navy by providing oversight of naval materials and supplies. The board consisted of three senior 'Post-Captains.' The most senior Captain served as the Board President, and was given the title of "Commodore" for his tenure as President. Specifically, the Board oversaw the equipping, repair, and preservation of naval vessels; and dealt with all Navy yards and stations. The Board of Naval Commissioners would continue to serve in this capacity until it was disbanded on August 31, 1842.
1815年2月2日，国会颁布了一项法律，设立了海军委员会（Board of Naval Commissioners）。该法案旨在通过监督海军材料和补给，减轻海军部长的许多海军日常职能负担。委员会由三名高级“后舰长”组成。最资深的上尉担任委员会主席，并在担任期间被授予“准将”称号。具体来说，委员会监督海军舰艇的装备、修理和维护；并处理所有海军造船厂和基地。海军委员以此职能运行，直到 1842年8月31日被解散。
To replace the Board, the Navy established the Bureau System. Different Bureaus were established to deal with different enterprises within the Navy. For example, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (today most often referred to as BUMED) was established to oversee all Navy medical issues. Future Bureaus would include the Bureau of Personnel (BUPERS), the Bureau of Ships, and the Bureau of Ordnance. Each Bureau was in charge of conducting its own inspections and investigations. These inquiries took the form of auditing accounts, inspecting supplies, and inspecting material under procurement within that Bureau's cognizance.[1] Officially, the Bureau system would last until 1966, when most Bureaus were converted into Systems Commands.
为了代替委员会，海军建立了局系统。成立了不同的局来处理海军内部的不同领域。例如，医学和外科局（今天通常称为 BUMED）的成立是为了监督所有海军医疗问题。未来的局将包括人事局 (BUPERS)、舰船局和军械局。每个局负责进行自己的检查和调查。这些调查采取审计账目、检查供应品和检查该局认可的采购材料的形式。[1]局系统正式延续到1966年，当时大多数局都转换为系统司令部（Systems Commands.）。
During the Civil War, the U.S. Navy underwent growth and expansion that was unprecedented at that time in American history. On the eve of the Civil War in 1861, the U.S. Navy had 90 vessels. By the end of the war, the number had risen to 671 vessels. The breadth of the Navy's growth concerned not only the number of ships, but also the technologies and tactics employed by naval vessels. In order to keep up with the Navy's expansion, the Board of Inspection and Survey was formed on March 16, 1869. The original purpose of the Board was to prevent spending money on ships that were no longer serviceable, and to prevent new construction from being stalled.
南北战争期间，美国海军经历了美国历史上前所未有的增长和扩张。1861年内战前夕，美国海军拥有90艘舰艇。到战争结束时，这个数字已经上升到671艘。海军发展的广度不仅与舰船数量有关，还与海军舰艇采用的技术和战术有关。为了跟上海军的扩张步伐，检验与测量委员会于1869年3月16日成立。该委员会的最初目的是防止在不再服役的舰艇上花钱，并防止新的建造任务停滞。
At first, the new Board was responsible for personnel, material, and military inspections. In its earliest configurations, the Board also had intelligence and advisory functions. However, the Board lost many of these functions over time and soon concentrated solely on the military value and readiness of ships.[1] In particular, the Board of Inspection and Survey concentrated solely on inspecting the material conditions of vessels, particularly for deficiencies and to determine seaworthiness after battle damage or catastrophic mishap.[2]. The Board if Inspection and Survey is still in commission today, though it is best known by its acronym: INSURV.
起初，新的委员会负责人员、物资和军事检查。在其最早的配置中，委员会还具有情报和咨询职能。然而，随着时间的推移，委员会失去了许多这样的职能，很快就只关注船舶的军事价值和战备状态。[1]特别是，检查和调查委员会只专注于检查船只的物质条件，特别是缺陷，并确定在战斗损坏或灾难性事故后的适航性。[2]检查和调查委员会今天仍在运作，尽管它的首字母缩略词最为人所知：INSURV。
For over a century, and throughout World War I and the inter war years, the Navy did not have a centralized investigative arm. This was in sharp contrast to both the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps, both of which had established offices of Inspectors General. Each Bureau continued to inspect and investigate matters within its own jurisdiction.
一个多世纪以来，在一战和和间战时期，海军没有一个集中的调查部门。这与美国陆军和美国海军陆战队形成鲜明对比，两者都设立了监察长办公室。各局继续检查和调查其管辖范围内的事项。
Events during the early stages of World War II would soon drive the U.S. Navy to establish an Office of the Inspector General of its own. In 1940, the French ocean-liner SS Normandie sought refuge from the fighting in Europe in New York City. Normandie was one of the world's fastest and largest ocean liners at the time.[1] Following the fall of France later that year, the United States seized Normandie and renamed the ship USS Lafayette (AP-53); and decided to convert her into a fast troop transport ship. In February 1942, while undergoing conversion in New York Harbor, USS Lafayette caught fire and subsequently capsized. While only one person was killed in the disaster, the loss of such a prestigious and well-known ship was a tremendous embarrassment to the Navy. Congress launched an investigation into the disaster to determine if the ship's loss was an act of foreign sabotage or merely negligence. In its report, Congress expressed frustration with the multiple investigative agencies within the Navy. The committee felt that the Navy Department needed an office of Inspector General to "be charged with the duty of keeping Congress and the Secretary of the Navy informed as to the conditions of the naval service...."[2]
第二次世界大战初期发生的事件很快促使美国海军建立了自己的监察长办公室。1940年，法国远洋班轮诺曼底号在纽约市寻求避难，以躲避欧洲的战争。诺曼底是当时世界上最快和最大的远洋班轮之一。 [1]在那年晚些时候法国沦陷后，美国占领了诺曼底并将该舰更名为拉斐特号 (AP-53)；并决定将她改装成一艘快速运兵船。1942年2月，在纽约港进行改装时，拉斐特号起火并随后倾覆。虽然只有一人在这场灾难中丧生，但失去这样一艘享有盛誉和知名度的船只对海军来说是一个巨大的尴尬。国会对这场灾难展开了调查，以确定这艘船的损失是外国破坏行为还是仅仅是疏忽。在其报告中，国会对海军内部的多个调查机构表示失望。该委员会认为海军部需要一个监察长办公室来“负责让国会和海军部长了解海军服务的条件……”[2]
The Office of the Naval Inspector General was formally established on May 18, 1942, per General Order Number 173.
根据第173号通用命令，海军监察长办公室于1942年5月18日正式成立。
RADM Charles P. Snyder (later ADM) was the first officer named as Inspector General.[3] The staff included one deputy and three assistant inspectors[4]. The Naval Inspector General began the tradition of drafting subject matter experts from other staffs and commands to conduct its inspections and investigations. The office served throughout WWII as a 'troubleshooting' unit for the CNO by conducting inquiries and reporting on all matters which affected the efficiency and economy of the Navy; and by conducting inspections and investigations into any naval matter as required by the Secretary of the Navy, CNO, Congress, or by law.
海军准将查尔斯·P·斯奈德（Charles P. Snyder，后来成为海军上将）是第一位成为监察长的军官。[3]工作人员包括一名副督察员和三名助理督察员[4]。海军监察长开始了从其他参谋人员和司令部中选拔各个领域专家进行检查和调查的传统。该办公室在整个二战期间作为海军作战部长（CNO）的“故障排除”部门，对影响海军效率和经济的所有事项进行调查和报告；根据海军部长、海军作战部长、国会或法律的要求，对任何海军事务进行检查和调查。
[1] Armand, Harvey. Normandie, Her Life and Times. Franklin Watts Press (New York, NY). 1985. Pages 46-47.
[2] Report of the Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate: On Investigation of Fire and Capsizing of USS Lafayette. Printed 26 May 1942.
[3] IBID #1. Page 1.
[4] IBID #1 Page 4.
[1] IBID #1. Page 6.
[2] IBID #1 Page 8.
[1] IBID #1. Page 6.
[1] Historical Section, Office of the Inspector General. World War II Administrative History of the Navy, 'Office of the Inspector General,' Volume 12. 1946. Page 6.
[2] Symonds, Craig L. Lincoln and His Admirals. Oxford University Press (New York, NY). 2008. Page 68. Post-Captain was the senior naval rank in the United States Navy at the time, as Flag ranks in the U.S. Navy did not exist until the Civil War. A Post-Captain was a captain who had already held the rank of captain at sea.
发表于 2023-2-20 15:53
