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新人多看贴多看资料，你们的很多认知和理解都是基于错误的言论观点而形成的
1、在那个时代，想要单纯靠火炮击沉一艘军舰，并不是一件容易的事。根据Norman Friedman的说法（Naval Weapons of World War One; Fighting the Great War at Sea - Strategy, Tactics and Technology）：
As understood before 1914, the central fact in gun tactics was that the effect of fire was cumulative. For example, the Royal Navy constructed ‘knock-down’ tables showing how long a ship had to be under fire before she was considered disabled. War game rules issued in July 1913 stated that at a range of 7000yds it would take about 20 minutes for a King George V class to neutralise an equivalent ship, and about 26.5 minutes at 10,000yds....One Hercules could neutralise another in 22 minutes at 7000 yds, but in 50.7 minutes at 10,000...These rules reflected what British naval officers thought would happen in battle.
根据1914年之前的认知，火炮战术的核心要点，在于火炮的打击效果是累积性质的。举例来说，英国海军有一套“伤害计数表”，上面标明了军舰在承受了多长时间的火炮打击后，会被判定为失去战斗力。根据1913年7月下发的军事演习规则，一艘英王乔治五世号（超无畏舰），在7,000码距离上需要花费20分钟时间才能摧毁一艘同级别的军舰，在10,000码距离上则需要花费26.5分钟；而一艘巨像号（无畏舰），则分别需要花费22分钟和50.7分钟，才能在7,000码和10,000码距离上摧毁一艘同级别的军舰。这些规则反映了当时的英国海军军官对海战的理解。
2、与火炮相比，鱼雷是一种截然不同的武器。根据Norman Friedman的说法（Fighting the Great War at Sea - Strategy, Tactics and Technology）：
Guns were unlikely by themselves to sink ships...By way of contrast, a torpedo could disable or sink a ship with a single hit...However, the chance of a hit by a slow-moving torpedo was considerably less than that with a fast-firing gun...The navies of the First World War dealt with two dramatic changes in the torpedo. One was the gyro, which ensured that a long-range torpedo would run more or less straight. The gyro could also be set to turn the torpedo away onto a pre-set angled course. The other was the ‘heater’, a form of internal combustion which dramatically increased torpedo range. By 1914 ‘heaters’ had boosted maximum range from perhaps 1000 yds (1900) to about 10,000 yds or more. Some British ordnance experts suggested that now the torpedo might be used alongside the gun in a fleet action.
光靠火炮，实际上是很难击沉军舰的。作为对比，一枚鱼雷就足以击沉或击瘫一艘军舰。但是，鱼雷的航行速度很慢，而炮弹的飞行速度则快得多，因此前者击中敌舰的概率要低于后者。对于一战时期的海军来说，鱼雷在两个方面获得了重大进步：一方面是陀螺仪，它使得鱼雷能够沿着直线航行，同时还让鱼雷具备了离轴发射的能力；另一方面是热动力技术，这是一种内燃机技术，能使鱼雷射程大幅增加。在1900年时，鱼雷射程仅为1,000码左右，但至1914年时，在热动力技术的加持下，鱼雷射程达到了10,000码，甚至更远。因此有部分英国武器专家认为，舰队可以在交战中同时使用火炮和鱼雷了。
3、一般认为，英国海军试图在鱼雷射程以外作战。根据Norman Friedman的说法（Fighting the Great War at Sea - Strategy, Tactics and Technology）：
During the period after 1904, the Royal Navy sought longer and longer gun ranges so that its battleships could fight outside the range of torpedoes fired by enemy battleships...In October 1913 Home Fleet commander Admiral Sir George A Callaghan issued war orders envisaging opening fire at 15,000 yds (if weather permitted), closing to a ‘decisive range’ of 8000 to 10,000 yds where superiority of fire might be established...No one had yet tried really long-range firing. Callaghan called for experiments to determine maximum effective range. The only ones he was able to run before the war were at about 14,000 yds...Both Callaghan and his successor Jellicoe planned to open fire at a range beyond that it which many shells would hit in order to establish ‘fire supremacy’. Having done that, they would close in to fire at a more practicable range.
自1904年起，英国海军一直致力于追求提高火炮射程，从而让已方战列舰能够在敌方战列舰的鱼雷射程之外开火。本土舰队司令卡拉汉上将，在1913年10月时下发的战斗命令中写道，在天气允许的情况下，他设想会在15,000码距离上开火，随后接近至8,000 - 10,000码的决战距离。当时，他们还没有尝试过如此之远的射击。卡拉汉要求进行相关试验，以判断火炮的最大有效射程，但在大战爆发前，英国海军只做过一次试验，其射击距离约为14,000码。卡拉汉的继任者杰里科，也计划在远距离上开火，随后再接近到更容易命中敌舰的距离。
具体详见日德兰纪念系列 - 战略战术篇 - 第二章 - 战术指挥 |
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发表于 2023-4-4 14:04
发表于 2023-4-5 11:59
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