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本帖最后由 克虏伯火炮 于 2012-11-29 23:57 编辑
本坛 LeSoleil 贴过皇家海军对提尔皮茨号的装甲的测试的链接：
http://www.admirals.org.uk/records/adm/adm213/adm213-378.php
个人认为这个报告的结论并不能完全令人信服。
现将其内容转帖到这里，黑色汉字是一部分翻译，蓝色汉字是我个人的注解。
This document is a modern transcription of a portion of Admiralty record ADM 213/378. It is a record of post Second World War testing of German armour and comparisons to contemporary British armour. Additional comments have been made by our website staff where clarification is necessary (items in [brackets]). It was transcribed by Peter Klein of Germany on behalf of the the Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945 website. The original file is held at the The National Archives at Kew, London. This Crown Copyrighted material is reproduced here by kind permission of The National Archives.
This file is not complete. We will endeavour to add more of it in future updates.
前言简介：以下是英国海军档案ADM 213/378的一个现代抄本。它是二战后测试德国装甲的记录，并与同时代的英国装甲作了比较。附加的评论（就是方括号内的项目）是我们的网站职员做的，这是必须澄清的......
正文：
TESTS OF GERMAN ARMOUR
ACSIL/ADM/47/76C
D.N.C. 5/JULY 1946.
Armour Technical Committee.
Meeting 15th August 1946.
Item 4. German Armour.
(a) Reports on visits to Germany.
With the fall of Germany opportunity has occurred for visits to the German Steel Works and for examination of German methods in armour manufacture to be investigated. There have been various reports circulated to the Committee of this visits of Mr. D.E.J. Offord of D.N.C. and Mr. Walker of Messrs. Firth-Brown Ltd., to Czechoslovakia and germany, and those of Lieut. Commander B.R. Queneau U.S.N. to Dortmund and Essen. In regard to ship armour the reports stress the importance attached by Krupp, Essen, to low sulphur and phosphorus steel for armour manufacture. The Baoic (Basic (sic!)) Open Hearth furnace appears to be the main source of steel supply and elaborate precautions are taken to ensure deoxidation and desulphurization of the steel. The employment of a chromo recovery process for the manufature of armour at Krupp, Essen, is mentioned by Lieut. Commander Queneau U.S.N. in his report, it is believed that this process only applies in the production of low alloy steels for Tank armour and not normally for ship armour. The analysia employed by the Germans for heavy ship armour is similar to our own. In regard to manufacture of the finished armour plate it would appear that the German practice is to roll direct from slab ingot without forging, to avoid as they say, lamination in the finished plate. Treatment of the armour does not differ markedly from that employed in this country. For cemented armour the German prefers a deep face and produces this by carburising for a longer time than we do, thereby ensuring deeper carbon penetration. The process produces higher percentages on the plate face which would seem to be undesirable in the light of our own experience.
大意是说战后我们参观了德国钢铁厂，考察了德国装甲的制造过程。并简单说明了德国装甲的特点和习惯，比如德国习惯直接从厚板或铸锭轧制，而不经过锻造，来避免lamination问题。另外德国装甲板的硬化深度比英国的大——“而根据我们自己的经验，这样做似乎是并不合适的。”
请注意这里面着重提出了德国装甲钢低硫低磷特性可以带来额外的好处：
In regard to ship armour the reports stress the importance attached by Krupp, Essen, to low sulphur and phosphorus steel for armour manufacture.
硫和磷在钢中属于有害杂质，会增高钢的脆性、降低塑性指标（延伸率、断面收缩率、冲击功——在特定的实验条件下冲断单位截面钢试样所需的功），所以在炼钢中都要尽量去除这两种杂质。一般而言，钢材在冶金方面的技术指标，就是以硫磷含量来划分的。比如现在我国划分方法中是将硫磷含量均低于0.04%称作“优质”钢，均低于0.03%的叫做“高级优质”钢。
It is suggested that the Committee might consider in the light of additional evidence which may be available, wether there are any factors in the fundamentals of steel making, brough to light by the German visits which are worthy of investigation for British armour manufacture.
(b) Armour on Tirpitz
Armour plating removed from the ex German Battleship TIRPITZ was shipped to this country in August 1945, and arrangements were made for full metallurgical and physical examinations to be made by each of the three armour firms. Separate portions of armour (a) uniform thickness 12 1/2 " (b) tapered thickness 12 1/2 " - 6 1/2 ", from side armour of the vessel, and (c) cast armour believed from control tower or range finder hood were examined and reports have been received from the three firms as follows: -
Beardmore Ltd., Report No.462 11/3/46
Firth-Brown Ltd., Report R.L.C.4415 2/1/46
English Steel Co., Ltd., Report G.82 8/2/46.
1945年8月提尔皮茨号上拆下来的装甲被船运到英国，被制作成三块并安排了全面的冶金学和力学性能上的测试。样品a是一致的12.5英寸厚度板材，样品b为逐渐减薄的6.5-12.5英寸（即提尔皮茨主装甲带），这两块是从其侧垂直装甲带而来的。样品c被认为是指挥塔或者测距仪罩而来。
可见样品a和b是从提尔皮茨号主装甲带拆下来的，其中a是整块均匀厚度的，而b则是其装甲带下沿厚度逐渐减少到170毫米的那部分。
提尔皮茨号主装甲带实际厚度是315毫米，所以样品a的实际准确厚度应该是315毫米，而不是12.5英寸。
A summary of the analysis of plates and mechanical properties of the German armour is given on the attached sheet which includes for comparison plates of British manufacture. The main point of interest on this sheet is the low sulphur and phosphorus and the greater reduction of area obtaining on the German armour.
附页给出了德国装甲的成分鉴定和力学性能的摘要，包含与英国所造的装甲的比较。这份报告主要的观点是德国装甲硫磷含量较低，和具有较大的断面收缩率。
请注意又一次提到了低硫低磷的特征，并指出其塑性更好。
The most important point brought to light by the investigation was the greta depth of hard face on the German armour. To the 300 Brinell level the German plates have approximately 45 - 50 per cent depth of face. In British plates 25 per cent - 35 per cent is the more usual practice.
The castings examined were of a low carbon analysis as [continued on next page]
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follows, .15 per cent C., 3 per cent Cr., 0.3 per cent Mo., 0.1 per cent Va, having a maximum stress of 40 -42 ton/in2 and Ized 80 - 100 ft. Lbs.
这份调查研究显露的最重要一点是德国装甲具有较大的表面硬化深度，它们具有大约45-50%在布氏硬度300以上的硬化层，而在英国装甲板上通常只有大约25-35%左右。
经检查它们具有较低的碳含量，为0.15%碳，3%铬，0.3%钼，0.1%钒，屈服强度40-42吨/平方英寸（608-638MPa），和 Ized 80 - 100 ft. lbs。
之所以将“ maximum stress”翻译成“屈服强度”而不是“最大应力”或者“抗拉强度”，是因为本文最后的表格中标明的是该材质的“YIELD”是41，也就是40和42的中间数。而“YIELD”就是屈服强度。另外与其它资料中的数据核对，也该是屈服强度。
但最后这个指标“Ized ”不清楚是什么，难道是冲击功？
They were free of unsoundness.
这句话又是什么意思？
Firing trials against a number of the armour plates from TIRPITZ have taken place at Shoeburyness.
The 12 172 " plates were attacked by 15" A.P.C. Shell at 30° angle firmpact, in two groups.
(a) Small plates roughly 4'-6" x 5'-6", to determine resistance to perforation and gather information on the suitability of small armour plates for shell proof.
(b) Large plate No.27885 roughly 11' x 9'-6" for penetration and perforation limits
Group (a) was used also to give an indication of the likely starting velocity for (b) where limited room only allowed of a maximum of 3 - 4 rounds being fired.
对一些提尔皮茨号的装甲板进行了射击试验。12.5英寸（那个12 172’’肯定是12 1/2’’的误抄......）用15英寸APC在30度角度下打击，分为两组进行。
组尺寸1.37×1.68米，确定穿透抵抗力并收集适当的性能信息。
组编号No.27885，尺寸是3.35×2.9米，做击穿和侵入极限试验。
组(a) 也用于给b组试验指示出一个合适的初始试验速度，因为击穿和侵入试验仅仅允许最多3-4发炮弹的射击。
A summary of the results obtained for Groups (a) and (b)is as follows:-
(a) Small plates approximate size 4'-6" x 5'-6".
Velocity. Result - Shell Plate damage.
1539 fs. Perforation - whole Broke into pieces.
1507 fs. Stop - broke up on plate. Broke into two pieces.
1501 fs. Penetration - frags. front&rear. Holed. Broke into three pieces.
1456 fs. Stop - broke up on plate. Smooth bulge.
1450 fs. Stop - broke up on plate. "
1348 fs. Stop - broke up on plate. "
From plate No.27885.
1508 fs. Peforation - whole. Broke into three pieces and disced.
(b) Plate No. 27885. Size 11" x 9'-6" .
Velocity. Corrected velocity Result - Shell . Plate damage.
1497 fs. 1507 Perforation - whole Disced and broke away to top edge.
1454 fs. 1462 Penetration. Frags. front and rear. Hole 13" x 11.8"
1371 fs. 1379 Stop - Broke up on plate. Smooth bulge 12" x 14"
试验大致结果如下：
组试验.速度、炮弹情况、板损坏情况：
1539英尺/秒，贯穿，装甲整个碎裂。
1507英尺/秒，在装甲上碎裂，装甲碎成两块。
1501英尺/秒，穿透，前端探出装甲背面但卡住，装甲碎成三块。
1456英尺/秒，在装甲上碎裂，装甲平滑变形膨起。
1450英尺/秒，在装甲上碎裂，装甲平滑变形膨起。
1348英尺/秒，在装甲上碎裂，装甲平滑变形膨起。
组试验，编号27885的板，速度、炮弹穿透效果、板损坏程度：
1508英尺/秒，完整穿透，装甲碎成3块and disced。
速度、修正速度、炮弹情况、板损坏情况：
1497英尺/秒，1507英尺/秒，穿透，整个disced并从上边沿穿出。
1454英尺/秒，1462英尺/秒，穿透，碎成前后两段？装甲板开孔13×11.8英寸。
1371英尺/秒，1379英尺/秒，在装甲上碎裂，装甲平滑变形凸出12×14英寸
不清楚“修正速度”（Corrected velocity）是什么意思和目的。
D.N.C. was mainly interested in the performance of the large plate No.27885 and it would appear from the results obtained that
Limit of perforation = 1485 fs. ± 23 fs.
Limit of penetration = 1420 fs. ± 42 fs.
主要依据b组实验得出结论：
最小穿透速度1485±23英尺/秒；最小侵入速度1420±42英尺/秒。
For comparison with these results we had the figures for two British 520 lbs. C, plates used for proof of supplies
Firth-Brown Ltd., No.5020 3 1/2" Face 1389 fs. (Penetration).
E.S.C. No.9894 3 1/4" Face 1377 fs. ± 17 fs. (Penetration).
作为与此结果的对照，我们有两块英国520磅C板的数据，用于提供证明。
Firth-Brown Ltd., No.5020 3 1/2" Face 1389 fs. (侵入).
E.S.C. No.9894 3 1/4" Face 1377 fs. ± 17 fs. (侵入).
520磅的装甲板，厚度应该是324毫米，而不是一些资料比如康威世界舰船的图中所等效的330毫米。因为以（磅数/平方英尺）来标注厚度，主要就是为了核算总重量和重心位置方便而采用的方式，这就要求有一定的精确性。钢铁的密度大约是7850千克/立方米，则520磅/平方英尺×0.4536千克/磅，除以密度7850千克/立方米，再除以1平方英尺即（0.3048×0.3048米），得0.3234米即323.4毫米。再考虑到高碳钢（装甲钢经过渗碳之后其表层的含碳量大幅增加，成为高碳钢）淬火后得到的马氏体组织密度比铁素体要小一点，所以520磅/平方英寸=324毫米是十分可信的。另外更直接的证据是，乔治五世级战列舰的装甲厚度，就是精确的按照磅数标准来制作的。其炮塔正面装甲厚度恰为324毫米，即520磅；而其动力舱区域的主装甲带厚度为349毫米，是349/324×520=560磅；其主炮塔区域主装甲带厚度为374毫米，是374/324×520=600磅。
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In regard to penetration limit, therefore, there was an apparant superiority in favour of the German armour of the order of 30 - 40 fs. This may have been an under estimate of the difference since in assessing the penetration limit of the German plate the possible error was as much as ± 42 fs.
所以，最小侵入速度，德国装甲有一个显见的（此处的apparant我认为是apparent的笔误）优势大约30-40英尺/秒。
后一句没看懂，好像是说“这里可能要取差异中的低端数值，因为德国装甲板的测试数据误差范围是比较大的，达到± 42英尺/秒”？
如果是这意思的话，为什么要取低端数值？
It was interesting to examine the results of trials against E.S.C. 9894 in relation to those obtained on the German plate in order to determine if possible the the order of difference with more accuracy.
为了更准确地判定差异，令人感兴趣的是调查对E.S.C. 9894的测试结果和从德国装甲板获得的结果之间的关系。
E.S.C. 9894 1373 fs. 1394 fs. Damage Hole 9.2" x 10.8" Plug/disc 19" x 14" Lip 1.5"
TIRPITZ. 27885 1454 fs. 1462 fs. Damage Hole 13" x 11.8" Plug/disc 22" x 13" Lip 2".
i.c. the damage were comparable for a velocity difference of 68 fs. in favour of the German plate.
这两个损害是可比较的，所需速度差为68英尺/秒，德国装甲有优势。
Whilst it was not a strictly fair, on the above basis of comparison, to assume that, in regard to penetration limit, the same difference would apply it seemed reasonable to state that the German Plate No.27885 showed a superiority over the British armour of the same thickness of about 50 fs under attack by 15" A.P.C. Mark XVIIB shell at 30°.
然而这不是完全公平的，在上面比较的基础上，假定，关于最小侵入速度，同样的差异使它似乎合理地表明，德国No.27885装甲在受到15英寸A.P.C. Mark XVIIB（879千克6crh穿甲弹）炮弹、30度打击时，相比于英国同厚度的装甲显示了一个大约50英尺/秒的优越性。
Little information was available regarding perforation limit of British armour. Trials have been undertaken against E.S.C. No.9894 to establish the limit of perforation. The following results were obtained.
少量关于英国装甲最小穿透速度的资料是可利用的。对E.S.C. No.9894的考察早已经从事过，去建立最小穿透速度，结果如下：
E.S.C. 9894. Damage.
Velocity Corrected Velocity Shell. Front. Back.
1. 1439 fs. 1463 fs. B.U.O.P. Stop Smooth bulge.
2. 1504 fs. 1528 fs. B.U.O.P. All frags. in front. Hole 12.5"x14" Disc 42" x 42".
3. 1555 fs. 1582 fs. Perforation (broken). Hole 20.8"x31.2" Disc 72" x 50".
速度、修正的速度、炮弹、前、后
1. 1439英尺/秒，1463英尺/秒，B.U.O.P. 停止，平滑变形凸出。
2. 1504英尺/秒，1528英尺/秒，B.U.O.P. 前端全部损坏？开孔12.5×14英寸，Disc42×42英寸。
3. 1555英尺/秒，1582英尺/秒，穿透（碎裂），开孔20.8×31.2英寸，Disc72×50英寸。
Note in round 3 shell was recovered just behind the plate.
注意在第3轮炮弹是刚刚穿过装甲板。
The assessed limit of perforation of this E.S.C plate was 1582 fs. (shell broken) on the above results.
The assessed limit of penetration of the German plate 27885 was 1485 fs ± 23 fs. (shell whole).
The remarkable feature of this trial is that the deep face on the German plate did not break-up the shell at perforation velocity. The lesser face of the British plate did so and gave a result approximately 100 fs higher for perforation.
在上述结果中对这块E.S.C板最小穿透速度的评估是1582英尺/秒（炮弹碎裂）。
在对德国27885板最小侵入（从上文看，这里应该是perforation即穿透）速度的评估是1485英尺/秒（炮弹完整）。
这次试验显示的卓越特性是德国装甲板的大硬化深度不能在贯穿速度撞碎炮弹。而英国装甲板较薄的硬化深度则做到了，并得到了一个大约高出100英尺/秒的贯穿速度。
The result on E.S.C. 9894 where a stop was obtained at a velocity of 1463 fs (corrected for thickness), is at variance with Proof of Supply result where the limit was assessed as 1377 fs. This is due to the fact that, at the trial for proof of supplies on 30th June 1943, the first round at bottom of ingot plugged the plate at a velocity of approx. 1400 fs (corrected for thickness). The general quality of the plate is felt is more keeping with a limit assessed on the second trial namely 1485 fs ± 35 fs (corrected for thickness).
这次E.S.C. 9894试验的结果（where a stop）是获得了一个1463英尺/秒的速度（corrected for thickness），与提供的证明所评估的最小侵入速度1377英尺/秒有差异。这是由于这样的事实，即那个试验是在1943年6月30日......这块板正常的质量感觉上应该是第二次试验也就是1485±35英尺/秒（corrected for thickness）更符合评估要求。
中间这一段没看懂，哪组数据是1943年6月测得的？到底是什么原因才被认为不准确？为何“is felt”1485的数据更靠谱？另外这里只有两个试验所得数据，一个是1463，一个是1377，那么1485是怎么来的？
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In conclusion it seems that if Plate No.27885 and No.9894 are generally representative of German and Britsih armour then,
如果No.27885板和No.9894板通常代表德国和英国装甲，则看起来其结论是，
如前所述对提尔皮茨号的装甲进行了分析和测试，“and comparisons to contemporary British armour”，这里又说No.9894代表英国装甲，则可推断这块No.9894应该是与德国KC n/A同时代的、英国最好的装甲，也即是P1935CA。
(a) Penetration Limit.
British armour is probably superior to the deep faced German Plates by approximately 65 fs. (If the proof of supply result is taken the penetration limit of British armour is about 50 fs. below that of plate No. 27885).
(a).最小侵入速度
英国装甲可能优于德国大厚度硬化层装甲大约65英尺/秒（如果那个 proof of supply结果被采纳，则英国装甲的最小侵入速度大约低于No. 27885装甲板50英尺/秒）。
如前所述，为何取值1485？为何不“the proof of supply result is taken ”？
(b) Perforation Limit.
British armour is superior to the deep faced German plates by approximately 100 fs, with added advatage that the British armour breaks up the shell at bare perforation velocities.
(b) 最小穿透速度
英国装甲优于德国装甲大约100英尺/秒，当增加了英国装甲在穿透速度下撞碎炮弹得益前提下。
The trial presented by the trial results, therefore, is a credit to British armour manufacture.
这试验提出的结论，是英国装甲产品的一个荣誉。
(c) Armour plates removed from MEPPEN.
(c)从MEPPEN送来的装甲板
The following armour plates have been removed from Krupp Proving Tange at Meppen, Germany and are available at Shoerburyness.
Plate No. Thickness Size.
٪ No.33084 3 ¼ N.C. 19'-9 ½" x 10'-6 ½"
٪ No. 33085 3 ¼ N.C. 19'-9 ½" x 10'-6 ½"
٪ No. 32438 3 ¼ N.C. 19'-9 ½" x 10'-6 ½"
No. 37363 4 ¾ N.C. 23'-9" x 9'-10"
No.29785 4 ¾ N.C. 17'-0" x 10'-0"
No. 29691 4 ¾ N.C. 17'-10" x 11'-6"
No. 42716 6.4" N.C. 9'-11" x 8'-2 ½"
ж No. 33228 6.4" C. 20'-10 ¾" x 7'-8"
ж No. 32551 8.7" C. 18'-3" x 11'-6"
ж No. 34507 8.7" C. 18'-8" x 11'-8 ½"
ж No. 29332 8.7 " C. 16'-9" x 11'-5 ½"
ж No. 29863 14.4" C. 19'-5" x 10'-0"
ж No. 29873 14.4" C. 19'-6" x 9'-10"
No. 29906 14.4" C. 19'-6 ½" x 9'-11"
No. 23787 17 ¾" 16'-3" x 8'-6" (shaped and curved).
٪ These plates are partly used.
ж Copies of the mode of manufacture of these plates have been circulated to members of the A.T.C. Committee in February 1946.
Arrangements are being made for certain of the plates to be fired at under standard conditions of proof, at the earliest possible opportunity as follows:-
(a) No.33084 3 ¼ N.C. 19'-9 ½" x 10'-6 ½" 8" S.A.P.C.B.C. Mark IVB/60°/1380fs.
(b) No.37363 4 ¾ N.C. 23'-9" x 9'-10" 15" A.P.C. Mark XVIIR/65°/1240 fs.
(c) No. 29863 14.4" C. 19'-5" x 10' 15" A.P.C. Mark XVIIR/30°/1560 fs.
and representatives of the Armour Firms and the Ordnance Board will be invited.
Consideration will be given to further trials when the above are completed. Unfortunately most of the other thicknesses of plates shown above do not lend themselves for trials for direct comparison with our own armour and suggestions how to make best use of the plates would be welcome.
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COMPARISON OF BRITISH & GERMAN (EX TIRPITZ) CEMENTED ARMOUR.
ANALYSIS 520 LBS THICKNESS.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
END OF TRANSCRIPTION
从两者成分的比较来看，德国装甲硫磷含量是低得多的。其延长率（下表ELONGATION）和断面收缩率（下表R.of.A）也比英国装甲大一点。而屈服强度则比英国装甲稍低。 |
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发表于 2012-11-29 17:00
发表于 2012-11-29 17:15
发表于 2012-11-29 17:36
楼主
简单来说这篇文章表明了德国人在制造工艺上先进的,能够明显的降低装甲的磷硫含量,但是在制造理念上无疑是落后的,片面的迷信高硬化深度,结果导致更高工艺水准制造的装甲钢实际防御能力反而和理论上工艺不如德国货的英国装甲差不多
